Post-normal science is a concept that arises in response to the limitations of traditional scientific methods when addressing complex, uncertain, and contested issues, particularly those that have significant societal implications. The term was coined by Silvio Funtowicz and Jerome Ravetz in the mid-1990s. Post-normal science emphasizes the importance of including a wider range of stakeholders in the scientific process, recognizing that in situations of high uncertainty and high stakes, traditional models of scientific inquiry may not be sufficient.
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