 Variable-range hopping

Variable-range hopping (VRH) is a transport mechanism commonly observed in disordered systems, such as insulators or semiconductors with localized electronic states. In these materials, charge carriers do not have enough energy to move freely, leading to a situation where conduction occurs through hopping between localized states rather than through band conduction. In VRH, the primary mechanism of charge transport involves the hopping of electrons (or holes) over varying distances, which can be influenced by the local energy landscape.