Ubuntu 25.04 GCC 14.2 -O0 x86_64 produces a horrendous:To do about 1s on P14s we need 2.5 billion instructions:and:gives:
11c8: 48 83 45 f0 01 addq $0x1,-0x10(%rbp)
11cd: 48 8b 45 f0 mov -0x10(%rbp),%rax
11d1: 48 3b 45 e8 cmp -0x18(%rbp),%rax
11d5: 72 f1 jb 11c8 <main+0x7f>time ./inc_loop.out 2500000000time ./inc_loop.out 2500000000 1,052.22 msec task-clock # 0.998 CPUs utilized
23 context-switches # 21.858 /sec
12 cpu-migrations # 11.404 /sec
60 page-faults # 57.022 /sec
10,015,198,766 instructions # 2.08 insn per cycle
# 0.00 stalled cycles per insn
4,803,504,602 cycles # 4.565 GHz
20,705,659 stalled-cycles-frontend # 0.43% frontend cycles idle
2,503,079,267 branches # 2.379 G/sec
396,228 branch-misses # 0.02% of all branchesWith -O3 it manages to fully unroll the loop removing it entirely and producing:to is it smart enough to just return the return value from strtoll directly as is in
1078: e8 d3 ff ff ff call 1050 <strtoll@plt>
}
107d: 5a pop %rdx
107e: c3 retrax.
The Amino-acid Sequence in the Phenylalanyl Chain of Insulin by 
Ciro Santilli 37 Created 2025-06-17 Updated 2025-07-16
Ciro Santilli 37 Created 2025-06-17 Updated 2025-07-16This is where he started publishing the sequence of insulin. The paper gives the full B-chain sequence, which it tentatively calls the "Phenylalanyl Chain" because it starts with a Phenylalanyl.
The official link seems to be: portlandpress.com/biochemj/article/49/4/463/47212/The-amino-acid-sequence-in-the-phenylalanyl-chain It seems to explain the methods very well at first glance, with lots of schematics.
This is one of those things that when astronomers first saw them they went "oh fuck we've found extraterrestrial life".
Some examples:
Jointly awarded to Bragg Junior and Senior. Junior was only 25 at the time, the youngest ever STEM nobel prize laureate as of 2024, and given that science is getting harder nad harder, this is not likely to change ever.
As described at Section "Radio astronomy", this new type of telescope led to the exciting discovery of new types of astronomical objects, notably pulsars and quasars.
Ciro Santilli defines a "model protein" as a protein which has been significantly used in the history of protein science, in analogy to the term model organism.
Key characteristics of model proteins include:
- they are easy to obtain and are stable
- they are important to medical applications
- they are small and easier to understand for early studies
Important model proteins include:
- insulin: as a peptide hormone, this was small. Also it was useful and widely available even at pharmacies, The Eighth Day of Creation says you could get it a Boots, a major British pharmacy chain, and as such was a natural choice for the first sequencing by Frederick Sanger published in 1951
- hemoglobin
- keratin
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