Amniote Updated 2025-07-16
Name origin: amnion, a pellicle that covers embryos of both eggs and also during pregnancy.
Includes:
Does not include amphibians. If you include them, you have the tetrapods.
Homeothermy Updated 2025-07-16
It is quite mind blowing that this is polyphyletic on mammals and birds, what can't parallel evolution achieve??
Figure 1.
Phylogenetic tree of the vertebrates
. Source. Highlights how birds should obviously be classified as reptiles.
Lysozyme Updated 2025-07-16
Breaks up peptidoglycan present in the bacterial cell wall, which is thicker in Gram-positive bacteria, which is what this enzyme seems to target.
Part of the inate immune system.
It is present on basically everything that mammals and birds excrete, and it kills bacteria, both of which are reasons why it was discovered relatively early on.
Non-clade groups are evil Updated 2025-07-16
All non-clade groups are evil. All non-clade terms must be forgotten. Some notable ones:
Polyphyly Updated 2025-07-16
Basically mean that parallel evolution happened. Some cool ones:
Reptile Updated 2025-07-16
This being a class is bullshit because it is not a clade, notably birds are not considered reptiles, but they are clearly in the clade.
Tetrapod Updated 2025-07-16
Includes:
The exact relationships between those clades is not very clear as there's a bunch of extinct species in the middle we are not sure exactly where they go exactly, some hypothesis are listed at: en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetrapod&oldid=1053601110#Temnospondyl_hypothesis_(TH)
But at least it seems rock solid that those three are actually clades.