Heat loss due to linear thermal bridging refers to the additional heat loss that occurs at junctions and around openings in building elements—such as walls, roofs, and floors—where two materials meet. This phenomenon occurs because the thermal resistance of the junctions is often lower than that of the surrounding materials, leading to increased heat transfer. **Key Points about Linear Thermal Bridging:** 1.
The heat of fusion, also known as the enthalpy of fusion, is the amount of energy required to change a substance from a solid to a liquid at its melting point. This property varies among different elements and compounds. Here’s a general overview of the heats of fusion for some common elements (values are approximate and can vary based on the source): 1. **Hydrogen (H)**: 0.117 kJ/mol 2.
Psychological egoism is a descriptive theory in psychology and philosophy suggesting that individuals are inherently motivated by self-interest in all of their actions. According to this perspective, even acts that seem altruistic or altruistic in nature are ultimately driven by personal gain, whether that gain is material, social, emotional, or psychological.
Psychological nominalism is a philosophical viewpoint that posits that abstract concepts or general terms do not correspond to any real, independent entities, but are instead mere names or labels that we use to describe groups of particular objects or experiences. In psychology, this perspective implies that our understanding of mental categories, such as emotions, thoughts, or personality traits, is shaped by language and social conventions rather than by any inherent, objective realities.
Psychophysical parallelism is a philosophical theory in the realm of the philosophy of mind, particularly related to the mind-body problem. It posits that mental events and physical events run in parallel without any direct causal interaction between them. This means that for every mental state or process, there is a corresponding physical state or process that occurs simultaneously, but neither directly influences the other.
Purposive behaviorism is a psychological theory that integrates elements of behaviorism and purposeful (or intentional) behavior. Developed primarily by psychologist Edward C. Tolman in the early to mid-20th century, purposive behaviorism emphasizes the notion that behavior is not just a series of stimuli and responses, but also involves cognitive processes and purpose.
Reflexive monism is a philosophical position regarding the nature of consciousness and reality that suggests a unified relationship between mind and matter, rejecting the strict dualism that separates the two. It posits that all of existence can be understood as a single, interconnected reality where the mental and the physical are two aspects of the same underlying substance, rather than two fundamentally different substances.
The term "self model" can refer to different concepts depending on the context in which it is used. Here are a few interpretations of "self model": 1. **Psychology and Self-Concept**: In psychology, a self model may refer to an individual's understanding and perception of themselves. This encompasses beliefs, experiences, and feelings about oneself, which can include aspects such as self-esteem, identity, and self-image.
Solipsism is a philosophical concept that asserts that only one's own mind is sure to exist. It posits that knowledge outside one's own mind is uncertain, and therefore, the external world and other minds cannot be known or may not exist outside one's perception. In its extreme form, solipsism suggests that the self is the only reality, and everything else—including other people, objects, and events—might just be constructs of one's own consciousness.
"Tabula rasa" is a Latin phrase that means "blank slate." The concept is often used in philosophy, psychology, and educational theory to describe the idea that individuals are born without built-in mental content and that all knowledge comes from experience or perception. The notion suggests that humans are shaped by their environment and experiences rather than having innate ideas or predispositions.
Trialism generally refers to the theoretical framework or political arrangement that divides power among three distinct entities, groups, or administrative units, rather than the more commonly known dualism (which involves two entities). The term can be applied in various contexts, including political science, sociology, and even philosophy. In a political context, trialism might describe arrangements where power is shared among three different regions, ethnic groups, or governing bodies within a state.
The Antoine equation is a mathematical expression used to relate the vapor pressure of a pure substance to its temperature. It provides a way to estimate the vapor pressure of a liquid at various temperatures, which is particularly useful in fields such as chemistry, chemical engineering, and thermodynamics.
The Pitzer equations, developed by K. S. Pitzer in the 1970s, are used to describe the thermodynamic properties of electrolyte solutions. They provide a way to calculate activity coefficients of ions in solution, which are essential for understanding how ions behave in various concentrations, particularly in solutions with high ionic strength. The Pitzer equations account for interactions between different ions and the resulting deviations from ideal behavior in the solutions.
The Bromley equation is a mathematical formulation used in the field of geophysics, particularly in studies related to subsurface geology and hydrocarbon reservoirs. It is primarily utilized to estimate the porosity of a rock based on its density and sonic velocity measurements. However, it is essential to note that there might be different contexts for the term "Bromley equation," as it can refer to various equations or models depending on the specific scientific discipline.
The Duhem-Margules equation is a thermodynamic relationship that describes the behavior of a binary solution in terms of its components’ chemical potentials and mole fractions. It is particularly important in physical chemistry and chemical engineering for understanding phase equilibria in mixtures.
Eötvös rule, named after Hungarian physicist Loránd Eötvös, is an empirical rule in geophysics that describes the relationship between the density of a fluid and the gravitational force acting on it. Specifically, it states that the gravitational attraction of a fluid is proportional to its density when considering the gravitational potential difference over a vertical column of that fluid.
The Gibbs–Duhem equation is a relationship in thermodynamics that describes the changes in the chemical potential of a system in relation to its temperature, pressure, and composition. It arises from the fundamental thermodynamic definition of the differential change in the Gibbs free energy \( G \).
The Gibbs–Thomson equation describes the relationship between the curvature of a phase boundary and the thermodynamic properties of that phase. It is particularly important in the fields of materials science, thermodynamics, and physical chemistry, as it relates to the stability of small particles, droplets, and other interfaces.
Maxwell's relations are a set of equations in thermodynamics that arise from the equality of mixed second derivatives of thermodynamic potentials. They provide a connection between different thermodynamic properties and facilitate calculations involving changes in state variables. Maxwell's relations are derived from the fundamental thermodynamic potentials: the internal energy \( U \), the Helmholtz free energy \( F \), the Gibbs free energy \( G \), and the enthalpy \( H \).
A table of thermodynamic equations provides a collection of key equations and relationships used in thermodynamics, which is the study of the relationships between heat, work, temperature, and energy. These equations are fundamental for understanding various thermodynamic processes and systems. Below is a summary of some important thermodynamic equations organized by categories: ### 1.