Heat of formation group additivity 1970-01-01
Heat of formation group additivity is a method used in chemistry to estimate the standard heat of formation (\( \Delta H_f^\circ \)) of a molecule based on the known heats of formation of its constituent functional groups or molecular fragments. The concept is rooted in the fact that the overall heat of formation of a compound can often be approximated by summing the contributions of different parts of the molecule, such as functional groups, rings, or other structural features. ### Key Concepts 1.
Joback method 1970-01-01
The Joback method is a group contribution approach used in the field of chemical engineering and thermodynamics to estimate the thermophysical properties of organic compounds. Developed by L. K. Joback in the late 1980s, this method allows for the prediction of various properties, including boiling points, melting points, heat capacities, and vapor pressures, based on the compound's molecular structure.
Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development 1970-01-01
Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development build upon the foundational work of Jean Piaget, who proposed that children progress through a series of distinct stages of cognitive development. However, Neo-Piagetian theorists aim to address some limitations and gaps in Piaget's original theories by integrating insights from cognitive psychology and developmental neuroscience.
Activity coefficient 1970-01-01
The activity coefficient is a factor used in thermodynamics and physical chemistry to quantify the deviation of a solution's behavior from that of an ideal solution. It is defined as the ratio of the activity of a species to its concentration (or mole fraction in the case of ideal solutions).
Benson group increment theory 1970-01-01
Benson's Group Increment Theory, developed by J. D. Benson in the 1970s, is a method used in the field of computational chemistry and molecular modeling to estimate the thermodynamic properties of molecules. This theory is particularly useful in predicting the properties of complex organic compounds and materials based on the contributions from individual functional groups within the molecule. The core premise of Benson's theory is that the properties of a molecule can be approximated by summing the contributions of its constituent functional groups.
COSMO-RS 1970-01-01
COSMO-RS, which stands for "COnductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents," is a computational method used in molecular modeling and thermodynamics to predict the solubility, activity coefficients, and other properties of compounds in solution. It is particularly useful for assessing how molecules behave in various solvents, making it valuable in fields such as chemistry, materials science, and pharmaceutical development. The COSMO-RS approach combines a continuum solvent model with statistical thermodynamics.
Debye–Hückel theory 1970-01-01
The Debye–Hückel theory is a theoretical framework developed to describe the behavior of electrolyte solutions, particularly the interactions between ions in a solution. Formulated by Peter Debye and Erich Hückel in the early 20th century, the theory provides a way to account for the activities of ions in dilute solutions, which helps to understand how ions behave in the presence of each other.
Lee–Kesler method 1970-01-01
The Lee-Kesler method is a mathematical approach used in thermodynamics and chemical engineering to estimate the properties of fluid mixtures, particularly for the calculation of phase behavior and thermodynamic properties of mixtures containing hydrocarbons and other compounds. The method was developed by the researchers K. Lee and M. Kesler in the early 1970s.
Lydersen method 1970-01-01
The Lydersen method is a statistical technique primarily used for analyzing data in the context of clinical trials and other research studies. Specifically, it focuses on the handling of censored data, which is common in survival analysis where the event of interest (e.g., death, disease recurrence) may not have occurred for all subjects by the end of the study.
MOSCED 1970-01-01
MOSCED stands for the "Moderate Open Space Configuration for Environmental Design." It is a framework or methodology used in urban planning and landscape architecture that emphasizes the balance between built environments and open spaces. The idea is to create designs that promote ecological sustainability, social interaction, and community wellbeing by integrating natural elements into urban settings. However, definitions and acronyms can vary widely based on context, and "MOSCED" could refer to different concepts in different fields.
Heat loss due to linear thermal bridging 1970-01-01
Heat loss due to linear thermal bridging refers to the additional heat loss that occurs at junctions and around openings in building elements—such as walls, roofs, and floors—where two materials meet. This phenomenon occurs because the thermal resistance of the junctions is often lower than that of the surrounding materials, leading to increased heat transfer. **Key Points about Linear Thermal Bridging:** 1.
Heats of fusion of the elements (data page) 1970-01-01
The heat of fusion, also known as the enthalpy of fusion, is the amount of energy required to change a substance from a solid to a liquid at its melting point. This property varies among different elements and compounds. Here’s a general overview of the heats of fusion for some common elements (values are approximate and can vary based on the source): 1. **Hydrogen (H)**: 0.117 kJ/mol 2.
Psychological egoism 1970-01-01
Psychological egoism is a descriptive theory in psychology and philosophy suggesting that individuals are inherently motivated by self-interest in all of their actions. According to this perspective, even acts that seem altruistic or altruistic in nature are ultimately driven by personal gain, whether that gain is material, social, emotional, or psychological.
Psychological nominalism 1970-01-01
Psychological nominalism is a philosophical viewpoint that posits that abstract concepts or general terms do not correspond to any real, independent entities, but are instead mere names or labels that we use to describe groups of particular objects or experiences. In psychology, this perspective implies that our understanding of mental categories, such as emotions, thoughts, or personality traits, is shaped by language and social conventions rather than by any inherent, objective realities.
Psychophysical parallelism 1970-01-01
Psychophysical parallelism is a philosophical theory in the realm of the philosophy of mind, particularly related to the mind-body problem. It posits that mental events and physical events run in parallel without any direct causal interaction between them. This means that for every mental state or process, there is a corresponding physical state or process that occurs simultaneously, but neither directly influences the other.
Purposive behaviorism 1970-01-01
Purposive behaviorism is a psychological theory that integrates elements of behaviorism and purposeful (or intentional) behavior. Developed primarily by psychologist Edward C. Tolman in the early to mid-20th century, purposive behaviorism emphasizes the notion that behavior is not just a series of stimuli and responses, but also involves cognitive processes and purpose.
Reflexive monism 1970-01-01
Reflexive monism is a philosophical position regarding the nature of consciousness and reality that suggests a unified relationship between mind and matter, rejecting the strict dualism that separates the two. It posits that all of existence can be understood as a single, interconnected reality where the mental and the physical are two aspects of the same underlying substance, rather than two fundamentally different substances.
Self model 1970-01-01
The term "self model" can refer to different concepts depending on the context in which it is used. Here are a few interpretations of "self model": 1. **Psychology and Self-Concept**: In psychology, a self model may refer to an individual's understanding and perception of themselves. This encompasses beliefs, experiences, and feelings about oneself, which can include aspects such as self-esteem, identity, and self-image.
Solipsism 1970-01-01
Solipsism is a philosophical concept that asserts that only one's own mind is sure to exist. It posits that knowledge outside one's own mind is uncertain, and therefore, the external world and other minds cannot be known or may not exist outside one's perception. In its extreme form, solipsism suggests that the self is the only reality, and everything else—including other people, objects, and events—might just be constructs of one's own consciousness.
Tabula rasa 1970-01-01
"Tabula rasa" is a Latin phrase that means "blank slate." The concept is often used in philosophy, psychology, and educational theory to describe the idea that individuals are born without built-in mental content and that all knowledge comes from experience or perception. The notion suggests that humans are shaped by their environment and experiences rather than having innate ideas or predispositions.