Hertha Sponer (1895-1968) was a notable physicist, recognized for her contributions to the field of quantum mechanics and molecular physics. Born in Germany, she became one of the first women to achieve prominence in the male-dominated field of physics during her time. She made significant advancements in understanding molecular vibrations and spectra. Sponer faced many challenges due to her gender, particularly during her early career when women faced considerable barriers in academia and professional sciences.
The timeline of women in mathematics in the United States is marked by significant milestones in education, professional achievements, and contributions to the field. Here’s an overview of some key events and figures: ### 19th Century - **1826**: Mary Fairfax Somerville publishes "Mechanism of the Heavens," making her one of the first women recognized for her work in mathematics and science.
Vladimir Vapnik is a prominent Russian-American computer scientist and statistician, widely known for his contributions to the fields of machine learning and statistical learning theory. Born on September 6, 1939, in the Soviet Union, Vapnik made significant strides in the development of algorithms that form the foundation of modern machine learning. He is particularly well-known for co-developing the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm, which is used for classification and regression tasks in machine learning.
"The Hesperian Harp" is a collection of poems and songs written by various authors that was published in the 19th century, specifically in 1848. The book was edited by the American writer and poet George Washington Doane, who sought to capture the spirit of American literature at the time. The term "Hesperian" refers to the evening or the West, and often carries connotations of beauty, tranquility, and nostalgia.
Tillit Sidney Teddlie (1900-1993) was an American psychologist and educator widely recognized for his contributions to the field of educational research and measurement. He is particularly noted for his work in the development of educational assessment methodologies and his emphasis on the importance of quantitative and qualitative approaches in educational research. Teddlie has also contributed to the field through various publications and by fostering the integration of social and behavioral sciences in educational settings.
"Union Harmony" could refer to different concepts depending on the context in which it's used. It may relate to principles in music, philosophy, social movements, or other areas. Without a specific context, it's challenging to provide a precise definition. 1. **In Music**: Union Harmony may refer to the blending or combination of different musical elements or styles to create a cohesive sound.
The "large sieve" is a powerful tool in analytic number theory used primarily in the study of the distribution of prime numbers and the behavior of arithmetical functions. It is a general method that provides inequalities for the sizes of sets of integers with certain properties, particularly focusing on the distribution of integer sequences modulo various bases.
In the context of sieve theory, the "parity problem" generally refers to questions about the distribution of prime numbers. More specifically, sieve theory involves methods that can help determine how many integers in a given set meet certain criteria, often in relation to being prime or composite. The parity problem in sieve theory can typically involve exploring the even and odd behavior of prime numbers or their residues modulo some integer. One classic observation related to parity and primes is that all prime numbers except for 2 are odd.
Computational social choice is an interdisciplinary field that lies at the intersection of computer science, economics, and political science. It focuses on designing and analyzing algorithms and computational systems for collective decision-making processes, where groups or societies make choices based on the preferences of their individual members. Key aspects of computational social choice include: 1. **Voting Systems**: The study of how different voting procedures can aggregate individual preferences into a collective decision.
The Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives (IIA) is a principle in voting theory and social choice theory that stipulates that the choice between two options should depend only on those two options and not be affected by the presence or preference for other alternatives.
May's Theorem is a result in social choice theory, particularly regarding voting systems and preferences. It addresses the behavior of the majority rule method in elections with more than two candidates. Specifically, May's Theorem states that in a majority rule voting system, the only function that satisfies certain axioms (unanimity, independence of irrelevant alternatives, and non-dictatorship) is the simple majority rule.
A median graph is a specific type of graph in graph theory that has a distinctive property related to distances between its vertices. In particular, a median graph is defined as a graph in which, for any three vertices \( u, v, w \), the distance between any two of these vertices is less than or equal to the sum of the distances from the third vertex to the two others.
Donald William Kerst (1923–2022) was an American physicist renowned for his work in the field of plasma physics and nuclear fusion. He is perhaps best known for inventing the "Kerst generator," a type of particle accelerator that uses a specific configuration of electromagnetic fields to accelerate charged particles, such as electrons and ions. Kerst's research contributed significantly to advancements in nuclear fusion and the understanding of plasma behavior, which are crucial for developing potential future energy sources.
An electoral list is a list of candidates that a political party or coalition presents for an election. It is often used in systems where proportional representation is in place, allowing voters to choose parties rather than individual candidates.
Fractional approval voting is a voting method that extends the concept of approval voting, where voters can express approval for multiple candidates. In fractional approval voting, voters can not only approve of a candidate but also indicate varying degrees of approval, effectively allowing voters to allocate fractional values (e.g., from 0 to 1) to each candidate based on their preferences.
The Proportional-Fair (PF) rule is an allocation strategy commonly used in the context of resource allocation in wireless networks and other network systems, particularly in scenarios involving multiple users sharing a limited resource, such as bandwidth or power. The goal of the PF rule is to balance efficiency and fairness in resource allocation while maximizing the overall system utility.
Ranked voting, also known as ranked-choice voting (RCV), is an electoral system in which voters rank candidates in order of preference rather than selecting just one candidate. This system allows voters to express their preferences more fully and can lead to more representative outcomes. Here’s how ranked voting typically works: 1. **Ranking Candidates**: Voters rank the candidates on the ballot according to their preferences.
Lubricants are substances used to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact, which ultimately helps to reduce the wear and tear of those surfaces. They can be found in various forms, including liquids, greases, and solid materials. The primary purposes of lubricants include: 1. **Reducing Friction:** They create a film between surfaces to minimize direct contact, which can lead to wear, overheating, and failure of mechanical components.