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Neutral-beam injection (NBI) is a technique commonly used in plasma physics and nuclear fusion research to heat and sustain plasmas. It involves the injection of neutral atoms or molecules into a plasma, where they can collide with plasma particles and transfer energy, thereby increasing the temperature and density of the plasma.

Jean Ville does not refer to a well-known concept or entity, and it may be a typo or an incorrect combination of words. If you meant "Jean Valjean," that is a principal character from Victor Hugo's novel "Les Misérables.

A parity game is a type of two-player infinite game played on a directed graph, where the nodes of the graph are assigned priorities (non-negative integers). The two players, commonly referred to as Player 0 and Player 1, take turns moving a token along the edges of the graph, starting from an initial node. The objective of each player is to ensure that the path taken by the token satisfies certain conditions related to the priorities of the nodes.

The "Past Hypothesis" is a concept from the philosophy of science, particularly in the context of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. It proposes that the initial conditions of the universe were such that it began in a low-entropy state, which is crucial for explaining the arrow of time and the emergence of macroscopic phenomena. In simpler terms, the Past Hypothesis suggests that the universe started in a highly ordered state, with minimal disorder (or low entropy) at the Big Bang.

Phantom energy is a theoretical concept in cosmology associated with the accelerated expansion of the universe. It is a type of dark energy with an equation of state parameter \( w \) that is less than -1. This means that the pressure exerted by phantom energy is more negative than its energy density. In standard cosmological models, dark energy typically has an equation of state parameter \( w \) around -1, corresponding to the cosmological constant.

"Marine geography stubs" typically refers to short or incomplete articles on marine geography topics within a collaborative platform like Wikipedia. Stubs are articles that provide limited information and are often marked as such, indicating that they need expansion and additional content to cover the topic more comprehensively. Marine geography itself is a subfield of geography that focuses on the study of marine environments, including oceans, seas, and coastal areas.

In set theory, particularly in the context of forcing, a "forcing notion" is a mathematical structure used to extend models of set theory. Forcing was introduced by Paul Cohen in the 1960s as a method to prove the independence of the continuum hypothesis and the axiom of choice, among other results. A list of forcing notions typically includes various types of forcing that have been studied or are commonly used in set theory.

Charles Méray may refer to various contexts, but one notable association is with Charles Méray (1822–1894), a French chemist known for his work in chemistry, particularly in the study of organic compounds.

Hélène Bellosta is a French academic known for her work in the fields of culture, media, and technology. She has contributed to various studies related to the impact of digital technologies on society and has been involved in research concerning cultural practices in the context of globalization.

Point reflection is a type of geometric transformation that inverts points in relation to a specific point, known as the center of reflection. In a point reflection, each point \( P \) in the plane is transformed to a point \( P' \) such that the center of reflection \( O \) is the midpoint of the line segment connecting \( P \) and \( P' \).

Magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) is a method used to contain and control nuclear fusion reactions using magnetic fields. It is one of the leading approaches being researched to develop practical and sustainable nuclear fusion as a source of energy.

The "List of game theorists" typically refers to a compilation of individuals who have made significant contributions to the field of game theory. Game theory is a mathematical framework for modeling scenarios in which players make decisions that are interdependent, meaning the outcome for each player depends on the actions of others.

Poisson games are a type of strategic game theory model that incorporates the idea of players arriving randomly over time, in accordance with a Poisson process. This framework can be useful for analyzing situations where players independently choose actions from a set of strategies, and the timing of when players enter the game is stochastic. In a typical Poisson game, players have a common interest or goal, but their interaction is characterized by random arrivals.

In general topology, various examples illustrate different concepts and properties. Here is a list of significant examples that are commonly discussed: 1. **Discrete Topology**: In this topology, every subset is open. For any set \(X\), the discrete topology on \(X\) consists of all possible subsets of \(X\).

In topology, a **totally disconnected space** is a type of topological space where the only connected subsets are the singletons (sets containing exactly one point) and the empty set. In other words, a topological space \( X \) is totally disconnected if the only connected components of \( X \) are the individual points.

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a remote sensing technique used to create high-resolution images of the Earth's surface and to measure ground deformation. It combines the principles of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and interferometry to gain detailed insights into topography, land subsidence, tectonic activity, and other geological processes.

The Belgian Mathematical Society (Société Mathématique de Belgique, SMB) is an organization dedicated to promoting mathematical research and education in Belgium. Founded in 1919, the society serves as a platform for mathematicians to collaborate, share knowledge, and disseminate research findings. It organizes conferences, workshops, and seminars, which provide opportunities for networking among mathematicians, both from Belgium and abroad.

Global analysis is a comprehensive approach used primarily in mathematics and related fields to study systems, functions, or phenomena in a broad and holistic manner. While the term can apply to various disciplines, it is often associated with the following contexts: 1. **Mathematics and Differential Equations**: In this context, global analysis typically refers to the study of differential equations and differential geometry with an emphasis on understanding the global properties of solutions rather than local properties.

The Franck-Hertz experiment, conducted by James Franck and Gustav Hertz in 1914, is a foundational experiment in quantum physics that demonstrated the quantized nature of energy levels in atoms. It provided strong evidence for the existence of discrete energy states in atoms, which was a pivotal development in the understanding of atomic structure and quantum mechanics. ### Experimental Setup: In the experiment, a tube containing low-pressure mercury vapor was used.