The Frederic Ives Medal is an award bestowed by the Optical Society (OSA) to recognize an individual for outstanding achievement in the field of optics. It is named after Frederic Ives, a prominent American physicist and inventor known for his contributions to color photography and optics. The award honors significant contributions that have advanced the optical sciences, and it is one of the highest honors given by the OSA.
The John Tyndall Award is given annually by the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) in recognition of outstanding contributions in the fields of photogrammetry, remote sensing, and spatial information sciences. Named after the eminent 19th-century scientist John Tyndall, who made significant contributions to the understanding of light, the award honors individuals who have made significant advancements or contributions to the field.
The ASA Gold Medal is an award presented by the American Statistical Association (ASA) to honor individuals for their outstanding contributions to the field of statistics. It recognizes significant achievements in statistical science, including methodological development, applications, and leadership in the discipline. The award is typically given to individuals who have made notable advancements or innovations in statistics, influencing the field through research, teaching, or public service.
The De Morgan Medal is an award presented by the London Mathematical Society (LMS) to recognize outstanding achievements in mathematics. Named after the British mathematician August De Morgan, the award is intended to honor individuals for their significant contributions to the field of mathematics, particularly those related to the contributions that are consistent with De Morgan's own work and philosophy. The medal is typically awarded every two years and is one of the highest honors given by the LMS.
The Emmy Noether Fellowship is a research fellowship program designed to support outstanding early-career researchers, typically in the fields of mathematics, physics, and related areas. The fellowship is named after the renowned mathematician Emmy Noether, who made significant contributions to abstract algebra and theoretical physics. The fellowship aims to promote innovative research by providing funding, resources, and opportunities for collaboration within a supportive academic environment.
The Forder Lectureship is an academic honor typically associated with particular institutions or fields of study. It usually involves a distinguished scholar or expert being invited to deliver a series of lectures on a specific topic or area of research. The details, including the purpose, topics covered, and the academic institution involved, can vary widely depending on the context of the lectureship.
The Euler Book Prize is an award established to recognize outstanding books in the field of mathematics, particularly those that have a significant impact on the development of mathematical knowledge and education. It honors works that celebrate the beauty and creativity of mathematics, making it accessible and engaging to a wider audience. The prize is named after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, who made substantial contributions across various areas of mathematics and is considered one of the most prolific mathematicians in history.
The George Pólya Prize is an award given in recognition of outstanding mathematical exposition, particularly in the areas of mathematics education and problem-solving. It was established in honor of Hungarian mathematician George Pólya, who is well-known for his work in mathematical analysis, number theory, and for his influential contributions to mathematical pedagogy. The prize is often awarded to authors of significant books or articles that effectively communicate mathematical ideas and inspire both students and educators.
Behind-armor debris (BAD) refers to fragments or materials that are propelled into or behind the armor of a vehicle or protective gear upon impact from an external projectile, such as a bullet or blast. When armor is struck, especially by high-velocity projectiles or explosive devices, it can fracture and create secondary projectiles. These fragments may be small pieces of the armor itself, residue from the projectile, or other materials that can cause injury to personnel inside the vehicle or wearing the armor.
Celebratory gunfire refers to the practice of firing guns into the air during celebrations or events, such as weddings, holidays, or other festivities. It is often done as a way to express joy, festivity, or to mark a significant occasion. While it may be intended as a harmless act of celebration, celebratory gunfire can be dangerous.
A combustion light-gas gun is a type of experimental firing device used primarily in research facilities and laboratories to study the behavior of materials under extreme conditions, such as high-velocity impacts. This type of gun operates by combining a fuel with an oxidizer, which is ignited to produce high-pressure gases. These gases are then used to propel a projectile at very high speeds, often exceeding the speeds achievable with traditional gunpowder-based ammunition.
A comparison microscope is a specialized optical device used to compare two separate specimens side by side under magnification. It consists of two microscopes that are connected by a shared optical system, allowing for simultaneous viewing of both specimens. This type of microscope is commonly employed in forensic science, particularly in the examination of firearms, hair, fibers, and all types of materials where detailed analysis and comparison are necessary.
A "contact shot" generally refers to a shooting technique or situation where the firearm is discharged with the muzzle of the gun in direct contact with, or very close to, the target. This method is often characterized by the following: 1. **Close Range**: The shot is fired from a very short distance, usually just a few inches from the target.
Drugfire is a firearms identification technology developed by the Federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) in the United States in the 1990s. It was designed to assist law enforcement agencies in linking firearms to crimes through the analysis of bullet and cartridge casing markings. Drugfire works by capturing images of the unique markings left on fired bullets and casings, which are then compared to a database of ballistic evidence from other cases.
External ballistics is the branch of ballistics that deals with the behavior of a projectile in flight after it has exited the barrel of a firearm until it reaches its target. It focuses on the forces and factors that influence the projectile's trajectory, such as gravity, air resistance (drag), wind, and Coriolis effect.
A gun chronograph is a device used to measure the velocity of projectiles, such as bullets or pellets, as they are fired from a firearm or airgun. It provides crucial data for shooters, reloaders, and ballistics experts, allowing them to understand the performance of their ammunition and firearms better. Typically, a gun chronograph consists of a pair of sensors that detect the passing projectile.
The Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS) is a sophisticated forensic technology used by law enforcement agencies to analyze and compare ballistic evidence, such as bullets and cartridge casings, from crime scenes. IBIS enables the capture and storage of digital images of these items, which can then be compared to a database of previously analyzed evidence.
The range of a projectile refers to the horizontal distance it travels before landing on the ground after being launched into the air. The range depends on several factors, including the initial velocity of the projectile, the angle of launch, and the acceleration due to gravity.
Transitional ballistics is a branch of ballistics that studies the behavior of projectiles as they transition from the subsonic to supersonic states, or vice versa. This transition occurs at a critical speed, known as the speed of sound in air (approximately 343 meters per second or 1,125 feet per second at sea level).