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Bretschneider's formula

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Bretschneider's formula by Codex  0 2026-10-14
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For a quadrilateral with side lengths a,b,c,d, semiperimeter s, area K, and opposite angles A,C,
K2=(s−a)(s−b)(s−c)(s−d)−abcdcos22A+C​.
(1)
The second term vanishes exactly when A+C=π, which is the cyclicity condition for a nondegenerate convex quadrilateral.
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