A hash function is a mathematical algorithm that transforms input data (often called a message) into a fixed-size string of characters, which is typically a sequence of numbers and letters. This output is known as a hash value or hash code. Hash functions are widely used in various fields such as computer science, cryptography, and data integrity verification. ### Key Properties of Hash Functions: 1. **Deterministic**: For a given input, a hash function will always produce the same hash value.
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