Landau theory, often referred to as Landau's theory of phase transitions, is a framework developed by the Soviet physicist Lev Landau in the early 20th century to describe phase transitions in physical systems. It provides a mathematical formalism for understanding how a system changes from one phase to another, typically as a function of temperature or other external parameters.
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Landau theory expands an effective free energy analytically in powers of an order parameter, constrained by symmetry.