Moore–Penrose inverse

The Moore-Penrose inverse, denoted as \( A^+ \), is a generalization of the inverse of a matrix that can be applied to any matrix, not just square matrices. It is particularly useful in scenarios where matrices are not of full rank or are not invertible. The Moore-Penrose inverse is defined for a matrix \( A \) and satisfies four specific properties: 1. **Hermitian property**: \( A A^+ A = A \) 2.