Non-trophic networks

Non-trophic networks refer to ecological networks that involve interactions among organisms that do not directly relate to feeding or energy transfer (trophic interactions). In contrast to trophic networks, which focus on who eats whom and how energy flows through an ecosystem, non-trophic networks comprise various other types of interactions, such as: 1. **Mutualism:** Interactions where both species benefit, such as pollination relationships between flowering plants and their pollinators (e.g., bees and flowers).