In mathematics, the term "pathological" refers to certain examples or cases that exhibit unusual or counterintuitive properties. These scenarios often challenge our intuitions or theorems that typically hold true in other contexts. The term is frequently used in various fields, such as topology, analysis, and set theory. Here are a few examples of pathological cases in different areas of mathematics: 1. **Pathological Functions**: Functions that are continuous almost everywhere but are nowhere differentiable are called pathological.
