Polarization density, often denoted by the symbol **P**, is a vector quantity that measures the density of electric dipole moments in a material. It reflects how much the material becomes polarized in response to an applied electric field. In other words, it quantifies the extent to which positive and negative charges within a material are displaced from each other when an electric field is applied.
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Electric polarization is electric dipole moment per unit volume. It produces bound volume and surface chargeAcross an interface, the net bound sheet charge is , where points from medium one to medium two.