Rayleigh–Bénard convection

Rayleigh–Bénard convection is a fluid dynamics phenomenon that occurs in a horizontal layer of fluid (such as a liquid or gas) that is heated from below and cooled from above. This setup creates a temperature gradient, where the bottom layer of fluid becomes warmer and less dense, while the top layer remains cooler and denser. As the bottom fluid heats up, it becomes buoyant and begins to rise, while the cooler, denser fluid descends to take its place.