Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) is a powerful technique used in surface science and condensed matter physics to study the electronic properties of materials at the atomic scale. It combines the principles of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy to provide detailed information about the density of electronic states in a sample.
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A conducting tip probes the energy-dependent local density of states by recording tunnel current versus applied bias, often measuring with a small bias modulation and lock-in detection. At low temperature and for slowly varying tip density and matrix element, is proportional to sample local density of states at the corresponding bias energy. Thermal broadening, surface structure and energy-dependent tunnelling selectivity limit a direct interpretation as bulk band structure.