Semigroup theory

Semigroup theory is a branch of abstract algebra that studies semigroups, which are algebraic structures consisting of a non-empty set equipped with an associative binary operation.

An **analytic semigroup** is a fundamental concept in functional analysis and the theory of semigroups of operators, particularly in the context of linear evolution equations. It pertains to a one-parameter family of bounded linear operators that have certain analytic properties.

An **automatic semigroup** is a type of algebraic structure that arises in the study of semigroups, which are sets equipped with an associative binary operation. More specifically, automatic semigroups are semigroups that can be described using a formal language and have a regular sequence of words corresponding to their elements.

A **bicyclic semigroup** is a specific type of algebraic structure in the field of abstract algebra. More formally, it is the semigroup generated by two idempotent elements.

A **catholic semigroup** (also spelled "catholic semigroup") is a specific concept in the field of algebra, particularly in semigroup theory. It defines a type of semigroup that is of interest in the study of algebraic structures. A semigroup is a set equipped with an associative binary operation.

A four-spiral semigroup is a mathematical concept that arises in the context of semigroup theory, a branch of abstract algebra. Semigroups are algebraic structures consisting of a set equipped with an associative binary operation. The term "four-spiral" typically refers to a particular class of semigroups characterized by certain properties, often used in the study of dynamical systems or the behavior of certain algebraic constructs.

Green's relations are a set of equivalence relations used in the study of semigroups, particularly in the context of ordered structures within algebra. They are named after mathematician J. K. Green, who introduced them in the 1950s. Green's relations help in understanding the structure of semigroups by allowing one to classify elements based on their generating properties and their relationships with other elements.

The Hille–Yosida theorem is a fundamental result in functional analysis that characterizes the generators of strongly continuous semigroups of linear operators on Banach spaces. It provides a set of conditions under which a certain type of linear operator can be considered the generator of a strongly continuous semigroup. This theorem is particularly important in the study of evolution equations and the analysis of time-dependent systems.

The Lumer–Phillips theorem is a result in functional analysis, particularly within the context of operator theory. It provides conditions under which a linear operator generates a strongly continuous one-parameter semigroup (also known as a strongly continuous semigroup of operators) on a Banach space. The theorem is named after the mathematicians Fredric Lumer and William Phillips, who contributed to its development.

A Munn semigroup is an important concept in the theory of semigroups and algebraic structures, particularly in the study of algebraic combinatorics and formal languages. Named after W. H. Munn, these semigroups arise from the study of transformation semigroups and have applications to the theory of automata and formal language theory.

The Nambooripad order, also known as the Namboodiri order, refers to a historically significant social and religious system associated with the Nambudiri community in Kerala, India. The Nambudiris are a Hindu Brahmin community notable for their unique customs and practices. Key features of the Nambooripad order include: 1. **Patriarchal Structure**: The Nambudiri social system is characterized by a strong patriarchal structure.

A nilsemigroup, often referred to in the context of algebraic structures, is a specific type of semigroup that possesses certain properties related to the concept of nilpotency. In general, a semigroup is a set equipped with an associative binary operation. A nilsemigroup is defined as a semigroup \(S\) in which all elements are nilpotent.

A **null semigroup** is a concept from algebra, specifically in the context of semigroup theory. A semigroup is a set equipped with an associative binary operation. In the case of a null semigroup, this structure is characterized by the presence of a zero element (often denoted as 0), such that the operation involving this zero element yields 0 when combined with any other element of the semigroup.

An **orthodox semigroup** is a specific type of algebraic structure that arises in the study of semigroups. A semigroup is a set equipped with an associative binary operation. The concept of an orthodox semigroup relates to the structure of its idempotent elements, which significantly influence the semigroup's properties.

In the context of algebra, a **monoid** is a specific type of algebraic structure that consists of a set, an associative binary operation, and an identity element. The formal definition can be broken down into the following components: 1. **Set**: A non-empty set \( M \).

A **Quantum Markov semigroup** is a mathematical object used in the study of open quantum systems, where the dynamics of a quantum system are influenced by its interaction with an environment. These semigroups are a generalization of classical Markov processes adapted to the framework of quantum mechanics. ### Key Concepts 1. **Quantum Systems**: In the quantum context, a system is represented by a Hilbert space and is described by a density operator (mixed state) on that space.

A quasicontraction semigroup is a concept from functional analysis and the theory of semigroups of operators, particularly in the context of Banach spaces. It generalizes the notion of a strongly continuous semigroup, commonly referred to as a \(C_0\)-semigroup, to situations where the mappings may not preserve all the properties of contractions.

The Rees factor semigroup is a mathematical structure studied in the field of algebra, specifically in semigroup theory. It is named after the mathematician R. J. Rees, who contributed to the development of semigroup theory. A Rees factor semigroup is constructed from a semigroup \( S \) and a congruence relation \( \theta \) on \( S \).

A Rees matrix semigroup is a specific type of semigroup that arises in the study of algebraic structures in semigroup theory.

A **refinement monoid** is a concept from algebra and theoretical computer science, specifically in the context of algebraic structures and formal language theory. It is a special type of monoid that is used to model certain types of relationships and transformations on sets or structures. In general, a **monoid** is an algebraic structure consisting of a set equipped with an associative binary operation and an identity element.

The Schützenberger group, named after the mathematician Mikhail Schützenberger, is associated with the study of formal languages and automata in the context of combinatorial algebra. More specifically, it arises in the context of the algebraic structures connected to the automata theory, particularly in relation to the notion of synchronization of automata. In essence, the Schützenberger group can be understood as a group associated with a particular type of automaton or formal language.

The Semigroup Forum is a scholarly journal dedicated to the study of semigroups and their applications in various fields of mathematics. Semigroups are algebraic structures that generalize groups, and they have important applications in areas such as automata theory, digital communications, and mathematical biology. The journal publishes research articles, survey papers, and other contributions that advance the theory and applications of semigroups.

A **transformation semigroup** is a mathematical structure in the field of abstract algebra and functional analysis that consists of all transformations (functions) from a set to itself, along with an operation that describes how to combine these transformations. More formally, a transformation semigroup can be defined as follows: 1. **Set**: Let \( X \) be a non-empty set.