The Sommerfeld expansion is a mathematical technique used in statistical mechanics to evaluate the thermodynamic properties of quantum gases, especially at low temperatures. Named after the physicist Arnold Sommerfeld, this method is particularly useful for calculating integrals that arise in the context of Fermi-Dirac statistics for fermions (like electrons in metals) and Bose-Einstein statistics for bosons (like photons or helium-4 at low temperatures).
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