Spectrographs

A spectrograph is an instrument used to analyze the light spectrum emitted, absorbed, or scattered by materials. It separates light into its component wavelengths (or colors) and records these wavelengths to produce a spectrum, which provides valuable information about the physical properties and composition of the light source being studied. Spectrographs are widely used in various fields, including: 1. **Astronomy**: To study the composition, temperature, density, and motion of celestial objects by analyzing their emitted or absorbed light.

The Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) is an instrument aboard the Hubble Space Telescope, designed to study the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum of cosmic objects. Launched in 2009 during the servicing mission STS-125, COS significantly enhances Hubble's capability to observe the universe's formation and evolution.

The ELODIE spectrograph (Échelle LOw Dispersion, Original Digital Échelle) is a high-resolution spectrograph originally designed for stellar spectroscopy. It was installed at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence in France and has been used extensively for the study of stellar atmospheres, the search for exoplanets, and the observation of the chemical composition of stars.

ESPRESSO can refer to different concepts depending on the context. Here are a few possibilities: 1. **Coffee**: Espresso is a concentrated coffee beverage brewed by forcing a small amount of nearly boiling water through finely-ground coffee beans. It is characterized by its rich flavor and thick crema (the golden layer that forms on top of a well-prepared espresso).

EXPRES, short for "Express Purpose-Driven Research for Earth Science," is a collaborative initiative aimed at addressing various challenges in Earth sciences through research and innovation. This program typically focuses on integrating cutting-edge technology, data analysis, and interdisciplinary approaches to enhance our understanding of Earth's systems, climate change, natural resources, and environmental sustainability. However, there could be other contexts or meanings associated with the acronym EXPRES in different fields, such as engineering, technology, or even specific projects or products.

The Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS) is an instrument that was used on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to analyze the light from faint astronomical objects, enabling astronomers to study their composition, temperature, motion, and other physical properties. The FOS was particularly effective for spectroscopic measurements, which involve breaking down light into its constituent wavelengths to identify the chemical elements present in celestial bodies.

Fiber-optic Improved Next-generation Doppler Search for Exo-Earths (FINDS Exo-Earths) is a scientific project aimed at discovering and characterizing exoplanets—specifically Earth-like planets that might be capable of supporting life—using advanced Doppler spectroscopy techniques. The project is part of efforts to enhance our understanding of planets beyond our solar system.

The Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS) and Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (NIRISS) are scientific instruments used in astrophysical observations, particularly aboard the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). ### Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS) The Fine Guidance Sensor is designed primarily to provide precision pointing and stabilization for the JWST.

The Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) was an instrument used aboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to perform high-resolution spectroscopy of astronomical objects. It was one of the two spectrographs on Hubble, the other being the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS). **Key features of GHRS include:** 1.

HARPS-N (High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher - North) is a high-precision spectrograph designed for the detection of exoplanets through the radial velocity method. It is located at the TNG (Telescopio Nazionale Galileo) on the island of La Palma in the Canary Islands, Spain.

The High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) is an advanced spectrograph designed for the precise measurement of the radial velocities of stars. Located at the La Silla Observatory in Chile, HARPS is particularly renowned for its capability to detect exoplanets through the radial velocity method. This technique involves observing the slight wobble of a star caused by the gravitational influence of orbiting planets, which leads to shifts in the star's spectral lines.

An Integral Field Spectrograph (IFS) is an advanced astronomical instrument used to obtain detailed spectral information over a two-dimensional field of view. It combines imaging and spectroscopy, allowing astronomers to study both the spatial distribution and the spectral characteristics of light from celestial objects simultaneously.

The Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) is a NASA astrophysics mission that was launched on June 27, 2013, with the purpose of studying the solar atmosphere, specifically the interface region between the solar photosphere and the corona. This region is particularly important because it is where much of the energy that heats the corona is believed to be transferred, and it plays a key role in solar phenomena such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections.

The Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) is one of the key scientific instruments aboard the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), which was launched on December 25, 2021. MIRI is designed to observe the universe in the mid-infrared spectrum, which ranges from about 5 to 28 micrometers. This part of the electromagnetic spectrum is important for studying a variety of astronomical phenomena.

NIRSpec, or the Near Infrared Spectrograph, is a scientific instrument aboard the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). It is designed to perform spectroscopy in the near-infrared range (0.6 to 5 microns), allowing scientists to study the composition, temperature, density, and motion of various astronomical objects, including stars, galaxies, and exoplanets.

The **PRL Advanced Radial-velocity All-sky Search (PARAS)** is an astronomical project aimed at detecting exoplanets around distant stars using radial velocity measurements. This project utilizes high-precision spectroscopy to measure the subtle shifts in the wavelength of light emitted by stars, which are caused by the gravitational influence of orbiting planets.

The SOPHIE échelle spectrograph is a high-resolution astronomical spectrograph used for the study of stellar spectra. It is primarily mounted on the 1.93-meter telescope at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence in France. SOPHIE is designed to observe the spectra of stars and is particularly well-suited for detecting exoplanets through Doppler spectroscopy, which involves measuring the slight shifts in the spectral lines of stars caused by the gravitational influence of orbiting planets.

The Swiss 1.2-metre Leonhard Euler Telescope (SELT) is an astronomical telescope located at the La Silla Observatory in Chile, which is operated by the European Southern Observatory (ESO). It is named after the Swiss mathematician and astronomer Leonhard Euler. The telescope has a primary mirror with a diameter of 1.2 meters and is primarily used for research in astrophysics and for observations of celestial objects.

UVS (Ultraviolet Spectrograph) is an instrument on board NASA's Juno spacecraft, which is designed to study Jupiter. Juno was launched in 2011 and entered orbit around Jupiter in July 2016. The UVS specifically focuses on collecting ultraviolet light to help scientists analyze the composition and dynamics of Jupiter's atmosphere, including its auroras, which are among the most powerful in the solar system.

The Visible Multi-Object Spectrograph (VIMOS) is an instrument designed for use on large ground-based telescopes, particularly the Very Large Telescope (VLT) at the European Southern Observatory (ESO) in Chile. VIMOS is primarily used for spectroscopy, a technique that involves splitting light into its component wavelengths (or colors) to analyze the properties of astronomical objects.