Stochastic thermodynamics is a branch of statistical mechanics that extends classical thermodynamics to systems that are small enough to be influenced by random fluctuations, particularly at the microscopic or nanoscale. It combines principles of thermodynamics with stochastic processes to describe the behavior of systems where thermal fluctuations play a significant role.
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Stochastic thermodynamics assigns work, heat, and entropy production to individual fluctuating trajectories while recovering ordinary thermodynamics after ensemble averaging.