Surface rupture refers to the breaking and displacement of the Earth's surface along a fault line during an earthquake or other geological event. When stress builds up in the Earth's crust due to tectonic forces, it can exceed the strength of rocks along a fault, causing them to fracture. The resulting movement may cause the ground at the surface to shift, crack, or displace, leading to observable features like fissures, offsets, or even the uplift or subsidence of land.
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