A theta graph is a type of graph used in the study of graph theory, particularly in the context of network flow problems and duality in optimization. Specifically, a theta graph is a form of representation that consists of two terminal vertices (often denoted as \( s \) and \( t \)), two or more paths connecting these vertices, and possibly some additional vertices that act as intermediate points along the paths.
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The theta graph has two vertices joined by edges. It has first Betti number and occurs as the link of a point on the spine of a book with two-dimensional pages.