COVID-19 by Ciro Santilli 40 Updated 2025-07-16
COVID happens in two stages:
  • viral infection
  • inflammatory phase, where the body takes over, and sometimes harms itself. It seems that people are not generally contagious at this point?
This distinction is one of the reasons why separating the virus name (SARS-CoV-2) from the disease makes sense: the disease is much broader than the viral infection.
Dan Kaminsky by Ciro Santilli 40 Updated 2025-07-16
A superstar security researcher with some major exploits from in the 2000's.
SymPy by Ciro Santilli 40 Updated 2025-07-16
This is the dream cheating software every student should know about.
It also has serious applications obviously. www.sympy.org/scipy-2017-codegen-tutorial/ mentions code generation capabilities, which sounds super cool!
The code in this section was tested on sympy==1.8 and Python 3.9.5.
Let's start with some basics. fractions:
from sympy import *
sympify(2)/3 + sympify(1)/2
outputs:
7/6
Note that this is an exact value, it does not get converted to floating-point numbers where precision could be lost!
We can also do everything with symbols:
from sympy import *
x, y = symbols('x y')
expr = x/3 + y/2
print(expr)
outputs:
x/3 + y/2
We can now evaluate that expression object at any time:
expr.subs({x: 1, y: 2})
outputs:
4/3
How about a square root?
x = sqrt(2)
print(x)
outputs:
sqrt(2)
so we understand that the value was kept without simplification. And of course:
sqrt(2)**2
outputs 2. Also:
sqrt(-1)
outputs:
I
I is the imaginary unit. We can use that symbol directly as well, e.g.:
I*I
gives:
-1
Let's do some trigonometry:
cos(pi)
gives:
-1
and:
cos(pi/4)
gives:
sqrt(2)/2
The exponential also works:
exp(I*pi)
gives;
-1
Now for some calculus. To find the derivative of the natural logarithm:
from sympy import *
x = symbols('x')
print(diff(ln(x), x))
outputs:
1/x
Just read that. One over x. Beauty. And now for some integration:
print(integrate(1/x, x))
outputs:
log(x)
OK.
Let's do some more. Let's solve a simple differential equation:
y''(t) - 2y'(t) + y(t) = sin(t)
Doing:
from sympy import *
x = symbols('x')
f, g = symbols('f g', cls=Function)
diffeq = Eq(f(x).diff(x, x) - 2*f(x).diff(x) + f(x), sin(x)**4)
print(dsolve(diffeq, f(x)))
outputs:
Eq(f(x), (C1 + C2*x)*exp(x) + cos(x)/2)
which means:
To be fair though, it can't do anything crazy, it likely just goes over known patterns that it has solvers for, e.g. if we change it to:
diffeq = Eq(f(x).diff(x, x)**2 + f(x), 0)
it just blows up:
NotImplementedError: solve: Cannot solve f(x) + Derivative(f(x), (x, 2))**2
Sad.
Let's try some polynomial equations:
from sympy import *
x, a, b, c = symbols('x a b c d e f')
eq = Eq(a*x**2 + b*x + c, 0)
sol = solveset(eq, x)
print(sol)
which outputs:
FiniteSet(-b/(2*a) - sqrt(-4*a*c + b**2)/(2*a), -b/(2*a) + sqrt(-4*a*c + b**2)/(2*a))
which is a not amazingly nice version of the quadratic formula. Let's evaluate with some specific constants after the fact:
sol.subs({a: 1, b: 2, c: 3})
which outputs
FiniteSet(-1 + sqrt(2)*I, -1 - sqrt(2)*I)
Let's see if it handles the quartic equation:
x, a, b, c, d, e, f = symbols('x a b c d e f')
eq = Eq(e*x**4 + d*x**3 + c*x**2 + b*x + a, 0)
solveset(eq, x)
Something comes out. It takes up the entire terminal. Naughty. And now let's try to mess with it:
x, a, b, c, d, e, f = symbols('x a b c d e f')
eq = Eq(f*x**5 + e*x**4 + d*x**3 + c*x**2 + b*x + a, 0)
solveset(eq, x)
and this time it spits out something more magic:
ConditionSet(x, Eq(a + b*x + c*x**2 + d*x**3 + e*x**4 + f*x**5, 0), Complexes)
Oh well.
Let's try some linear algebra.
m = Matrix([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
Let's invert it:
m**-1
outputs:
Matrix([
[ -2,    1],
[3/2, -1/2]])
Big O notation family by Ciro Santilli 40 Updated 2025-07-16
This is a family of notations related to the big O notation. A good mnemonic summary of all notations would be:
LeetCode by Ciro Santilli 40 Updated 2025-07-16
Their system is quite good actually. Not as good as a GitHub repo with all the tests made explicit. But still pretty good.
Hyperscale computing by Ciro Santilli 40 Updated 2025-07-16
Basically means "company with huge server farms, and which usually rents them out like Amazon AWS or Google Cloud Platform
Figure 1.
Global electricity use by data center type: 2010 vs 2018
. Source. The growth of hyperscaler cloud vs smaller cloud and private deployments was incredible in that period!
Platform as a service by Ciro Santilli 40 Updated 2025-07-16
Highly managed, you don't even see the Docker images, only some higher level JSON configuration file.
These setups are really convenient and cheap, and form a decent way to try out a new website with simple requirements.
Closed standard by Ciro Santilli 40 Updated 2025-07-16
ISO is the main culprit of this bullshit, some notable examples related to open source software:
The only low level thing that escaped this was OpenGL via Khronos, what heroes those people are.
How the hell are you supposed to develop an open source implementation of something that has a closed standard?
Not to mention open source test suites, that would be way too much to ask for, those always end up being made by some shady small companies that go bankrupt from time to time, see e.g. .

Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project

Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
We have two killer features:
  1. topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculus
    Articles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
    • a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
    • a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
    This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
    Figure 1.
    Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page
    . View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivative
  2. local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:
    This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
    Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally.
    Video 3.
    Edit locally and publish demo
    . Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension.
  3. https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook-media/master/feature/x/hilbert-space-arrow.png
  4. Infinitely deep tables of contents:
    Figure 6.
    Dynamic article tree with infinitely deep table of contents
    .
    Descendant pages can also show up as toplevel e.g.: ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/chordate-subclade
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact