A metrology author whose account of atomic clocks connects an atomic transition with a practical oscillator. Atoms supply a reproducible resonance, but an instrument must detect departures from that resonance and correct its generated frequency. The physical description explains how an atomic clock converts a microscopic energy difference into a usable timing reference.[ref]
The Physical Basis of Atomic Frequency Standards by A. S. Risley. Technical Note 399: atomic resonance, frequency comparison and feedback principles
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