 Aubin–Nitsche duality argument

For a symmetric elliptic variational problem with Galerkin orthogonality, let $e=u-u_h$ and solve the dual problem $a(v,z)=(e,v{)}_{L^2}$ for every $v\in H_0^1(\Omega )$. If elliptic regularity gives $\Vert z{\Vert }_{H^2}\le C\Vert e{\Vert }_{L^2}$, then a finite element interpolation estimate givesThus $\Vert e{\Vert }_{L^2}\le Ch\Vert e{\Vert }_{H^1}$. Combining this with the Céa lemma and an $O(h)$ energy norm error gives an $O(h^2)$ L2 norm error. The additional order depends on the dual regularity assumption, which can fail on unsuitable domains.