 Bidual evaluation map

For an algebraic dual space $X^{\ast }={\mathrm{Hom}}_F(X,F)$, the linear map $J:X\to X^{\ast \ast }$ sends $x$ to evaluation at $x$. It is injective because linear functionals separate nonzero vectors: extend any nonzero vector to a basis and use its coordinate functional. If $X$ has a finite basis $e_i$ with dual basis $e_i^{\ast }$, every $B\in X^{\ast \ast }$ equals $J({\sum }_{i}B(e_i^{\ast })e_i)$, so $J$ is an isomorphism. For infinite-dimensional spaces, surjection does not follow from this finite sum argument.