 Closure under a binary operation

A subset $A\subseteq S$ is closed under a binary operation on $S$ when the result of combining any two elements of $A$ is again in $A$. The even integers are closed under addition, but the odd integers are not: $1+3=4$ is even. Closure permits restricting the binary operation to $A\times A\to A$. It is different from being a closed set in topology.