 Colony-forming unit

A colony-forming unit, abbreviated CFU, is a unit of viable material that produces a distinguishable colony under specified assay conditions. It may begin as one cell or as a clump. Counting colonies therefore measures colony-producing units, rather than automatically counting every living cell in the original sample.^[ref]

A measured concentration also requires an accounting of sample volume and dilution. In a simple plate-count model with $n$ colonies, plated volume $V$ and dilution fraction $d$, the original-sample estimate isIf $V$ is in millilitres, $\hat{C}$ is in CFU per millilitre. The fraction $d$ is the amount of original sample in one volume of the diluted preparation; it is not the reciprocal dilution factor.^[ref]

For an original benign-yeast example, suppose two matched measurements yield50 and70 colonies, each from $0.1\mathrm{mL}$ at $d=10^{-3}$. Pooling the counts and effective volumes givesThis assumes a well-mixed preparation, comparable recovery and distinct countable colonies. It is an arithmetic illustration, not a recommendation for culturing a particular organism.

A culture medium, incubation conditions and recovery state determine which viable units become visible. A zero count in a finite tested volume does not prove that no viable material exists anywhere in the sample. Crowded colonies, clumping and assay inhibition also affect interpretation; the method and its reporting conventions should accompany the result.^[ref]