Cotangent space of a formal power series ring
ID: cotangent-space-of-a-formal-power-series-ring
For a local ring with residue field , put and . There is a natural -vector space isomorphism . The inverse sends to the class of . It is well-defined because changing by or by changes the result by . It is surjective since every is congruent modulo to its constant and linear terms. As , those coefficients of an element of lie in and , respectively. This proves injectivity. Thus adjoining one formal variable increases finite embedding dimension by one.
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