 Effective-mass tensor

For a semiclassical wave packet in an isolated energy band, $v_i={\hslash }^{-1}{\partial }_{k_i}\epsilon$ and $\hslash {\dot{k}}_j=F_j$ imply ${\dot{v}}_i={\sum }_j(m^{\ast -1}{)}_{ij}{F}_j$. The inverse effective-mass tensor is the Hessian matrix of the dispersion divided by ${\hslash }^2$. Along a unit vector $\mathbf{e}$, $1/m_{\mathbf{e}}^{\ast }={\sum }_{ij}{e}_i(m^{\ast -1}{)}_{ij}{e}_j$. The Laplacian is its trace: ${\hslash }^{-2}{\nabla }_k^2\epsilon =\mathrm{tr}(m^{\ast -1})$. Thus in $d$ isotropic dimensions the scalar mass is $d{\hslash }^2/({\nabla }_k^2\epsilon )$, rather than ${\hslash }^2/({\nabla }_k^2\epsilon )$.