 First-order three-dimensional gravity

For a nondegenerate orthonormal coframe in spacetime $E^a$ and independent antisymmetric Lorentz connection 1-form, the action $\int {ϵ}_{abc}(R^{ab}\wedge E^c+\lambda E^a\wedge E^b\wedge E^c)$ has independent coframe and connection variations. Since $\delta R^{ab}=D\delta {\omega }^{ab}$, integration by parts yields a connection equation ${ϵ}_{abc}{T}^c=0$. The three variations of the cubic coframe term give the coframe equation ${ϵ}_{abc}(R^{ab}+3\lambda E^a\wedge E^b)=0$. In three dimensions these are exactly the equations displayed above. The solution has constant sectional curvature $K=-3\lambda$. Omitting the factor of three changes the cosmological normalization.