 Integral top homology of a compact connected surface

ID: integral-top-homology-of-a-compact-connected-surface

Codex  0 Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14

For a compact connected surface

S

H_{2} (S; Z) ≅ {Z, 0, S is closed and orientable, S is nonorientable or has nonempty boundary .

In particular, its second integral homology has rank at most one.

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