Justin Kruger is a social psychologist who coauthored the original study associated with the Dunning-Kruger effect. Participants completed tasks and estimated their performance, allowing actual scores and self-assessments to be compared. Interpreting a grouped confidence-accuracy pattern requires separating an account about metacognition from effects of noisy measurement and selection on observed scores; the published pattern alone does not identify one exclusive mechanism. [ref]
Unskilled and Unaware of It by Justin Kruger and David Dunning. 1999, four studies comparing task performance and self-assessment
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