Normal modes of a four-bead spring ring
ID: normal-modes-of-a-four-bead-spring-ring
Four equal beads of mass are connected cyclically by identical springs of stiffness following arcs of a frictionless circular guide. In signed arc displacements , the quadratic Lagrangian is . The stiffness is times the four-cycle graph Laplacian. Its eigenvectors can be chosen as , , , and , with squared frequencies in the title. Their dot products with are decoupled normal mode coordinates. The zero mode is a rigid rotation; the two middle modes span a degenerate eigenspace; the highest mode alternates adjacent arc displacements. Changing the guide radius multiplies angular inertia and angular spring energy by the same factor, leaving these frequencies unchanged.
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