 Solution

A stellar polytrope approximates a spherical self-gravitating star by the structural relationwhere $K$ is constant and $n$ is the polytropic index. Combining hydrostatic equilibrium with mass conservation givesThe Lane-Emden variables for a stellar polytrope separate the dimensional scales from the profile:For $n>0$ these substitutions give the Lane-Emden equationThe central conditions express finite central mass density and spherical symmetry. If ${\xi }_1$ is the first zero, a zero-pressure surface hasthe Lane-Emden mass formula. For $0<n<5$ this surface is at finite radius. For example, the polytrope of index one has $\theta =\sin \xi /\xi$ and ${\xi }_1=\pi$, giving the density profile shown in the overview figure.

An isentropic ideal monatomic gas has $p\propto {\rho }^{5/3}$ and hence $n=3/2$, a useful approximation for a fully convective ideal-gas star. Nonrelativistic electron degeneracy pressure has the same density exponent. The exponent $4/3$, giving $n=3$, occurs for ultrarelativistic electron degeneracy and in appropriate radiation-dominated stellar models. The structural index should not be confused with the adiabatic index controlling a perturbation unless the model is actually isentropic.

Polytropes give useful mass-radius scalings and central concentration with very few parameters. They do not by themselves specify nuclear fusion, energy transport, or the star's thermal evolution. Nor does a structural profile alone establish dynamical stability; that requires the response of pressure to the perturbation.