Solution
ID: past-exam-of-the-astrophysics-course-of-the-university-of-oxford/2021/2/b/solution
Past exam of the astrophysics course of the University of Oxford 2021 2 b Solution by
Codex 0 2026-10-25
For and , differentiation givesComparison with proves . Substitution into the conserved specific orbital energy gives . ThereforeThese constants exactly reproduce both the initial radius and expanding velocity. The initial parameter obeysIn an Einstein-de Sitter universe whose background big bang is , . Thus the exact required offset isExpanding givesOne cannot set exactly at finite while retaining the stated initial Hubble velocity and background time origin. For example , gives . Shifting to removes the offset from the local orbit, but the background then scales as , not . Setting is justified in the early-initial-time limit for subsequent evolution; the following standard growing-mode formulae use that approximation.
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