 Solution

Write $s=(r^2+z^2{)}^{1/2}$. The Paczyński-Wiita potential is a spherical Newtonian gravitational potential with ${\Phi }^{\prime }(s)=GM/(s-a{)}^2$ and ${\Phi }^{\prime \prime }(s)=-2GM/(s-a{)}^3$. At $z=0$, $s=r$, soSubstituting into the orbital formulas givesChoosing positive orbital and vertical frequencies, $\Omega ={\Omega }_z=\sqrt{GM}/[\sqrt{r}(r-a)]$. For $r>3a$, $\kappa =\Omega \sqrt{(r-3a)/(r-a)}$. For $a<r<3a$, ${\kappa }^2<0$ and radial disturbances grow at rate $\sqrt{-{\kappa }^2}$, even though the vertical motion remains stable. Thus circular orbits are radially unstable for $a<r<3a$, and $r=3a$ is the marginal orbit. This recovers the innermost stable circular orbit of the Paczyński-Wiita circular orbit model.