Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2006/iii/paper-14/5/i/solution

Let be the number of red vertices in . It has a binomial distribution with parameters and , so independence gives
For , the strict inequality follows by integrating for . Hence the exponential Markov bound yields
Therefore
This supplies the tail estimate directly, including the strict constant in the requested bound.

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