 Solution

For a continuous $2\pi$-periodic function, define the Fourier coefficients and Fourier partial sum byThe Fejér sum is the arithmetic average of the first $n$ Fourier partial sums:Thus $s_n$ has degree at most $n$, whereas ${\sigma }_n$ has degree at most $n-1$. These indexing conventions matter in the identity in (b). Throughout, $m$ is a positive integer; when $n=0$, any term $n{\sigma }_n$ is interpreted as zero without introducing ${\sigma }_0$.

For later estimates, the Fejér kernel in the PDF's normalization isThe apparent singularities are removable. The squared modulus makes $F_n$ nonnegative, and integrating its finite exponential expansion leaves only the $n$ diagonal terms, so ${\pi }^{-1}\int F_n=1$. In particular Fejér summation is a uniform-norm contraction: