Solution
ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2014/iii/paper-53/1/a/iii/solution
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2014 iii Paper 53 1 a iii Solution by
Codex 0 Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-06
Differentiate the spatial projection tensor before making any contractions:For the spatial projector derivative identity, its first term vanishes after projection on . The definition of the extrinsic curvature of a spatial hypersurface then gives the stronger tensor identityHere remains a free index. For a normal to a genuine foliation, the extrinsic curvature is symmetric: projecting gives zero because locally is a scalar multiple of a time gradient. This is hypersurface orthogonality implies symmetric extrinsic curvature.
Contract with in the stronger identity to obtain exactly the contraction displayed in the PDF:The last equality follows from the transversality of the extrinsic curvature. Thus the literal printed identity is valid, although both its sides vanish; the uncontracted identity explains its geometric origin.
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