 Solution

Let ${\theta }_t$ and ${\eta }_t$ be the predictable holdings of the stock and the bank account. With no consumption, the self-financing portfolio has $X=\theta S+\eta B$ and $dX=\theta dS+\eta dB$. The Itô product rule, together with the dynamics from part (a), givesThe drift vanishes because $X=\theta S+\eta B$ and $\sigma \lambda =\mu -r$. Thus $XY$ is a local martingale. It is nonnegative by the assumed nonnegative wealth and strict positivity of $Y$, and henceFor example, this last fact follows directly from Conditional Fatou lemma applied to a localizing sequence; the initial capital is assumed finite. As usual, holdings must be integrable against the asset semimartingales for the self-financing portfolio equation to be defined.