 Solution

The stellar adiabatic exponent ${\Gamma }_2$ is defined at fixed specific entropy and composition byCombining parts (iii) and (iv), the radiative temperature gradient of the constant-opacity grey atmosphere isFor $1<{\Gamma }_2<4/3$, the adiabatic temperature gradient is strictly below $1/4$, and the Schwarzschild criterion is eventually violated. If ${\Gamma }_2$ is constant, solving for the crossing givesAt ${\Gamma }_2=4/3$ the radiative gradient approaches marginality from below, so there is no finite crossing in this model. If ${\Gamma }_2$ varies, the conclusion requires its subcritical value to persist in the deep layers. Uniform composition is needed for this use of the Schwarzschild criterion; a composition gradient requires the Ledoux criterion.