Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2022/iii/paper-201/2/a/solution

The strong law of large numbers states that for independent identically distributed integrable random variables,
To prove it, set . The tail-sum formula gives , so the Borel-Cantelli lemmas make the two sequences eventually equal. Also
The Kolmogorov convergence theorem implies that converges almost surely, and Kronecker lemma yields
Finally , so the Cesaro mean of these expectations tends to .

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