 Solution

The first isomorphism theorem says that for a homomorphism $\varphi :G\to H$,The map is well-defined because equal cosets differ by a kernel element; it is a surjective homomorphism onto the image, and injectivity follows because its kernel is the identity coset.

Here $G{L}_n(\mathbb{R})$ consists of invertible real $n\times n$ matrices and $S{L}_n(\mathbb{R})$ consists of those with determinant one. The latter is the kernel of the surjective determinant map to ${\mathbb{R}}^{\ast }$, so it is normal and

The given integral matrices form a group because products and inverses remain integral. The inverse formula shows that an integral inverse exists exactly when the determinant divides every cofactor; taking determinants shows more directly that $\det A\det A^{-1}=1$, hence $\det A=\pm 1$, and the adjugate formula proves the converse. The matrices $\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& m\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right)$ show infinitude.

Reduction modulo two is a homomorphism $G\to G{L}_2({\mathbb{F}}_2)$. Its kernel is exactly $H$, so $H$ is normal; its index is finite because the target has only six elements.