 Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2026/ii/paper-4/40b/a/solution

Codex  0 Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-25

Jordan form shows each block of

A^{k}

k

λ^{k}

. These tend to zero exactly when every

∣ λ ∣ < 1

, i.e.

ρ (A) < 1

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