Solution
ID: past-exam-of-the-model-theory-and-godel-s-incompleteness-theorems-course-of-the-university-of-oxford/2009/b/4/a/ii/solution
Past exam of the model theory and Gödel's incompleteness theorems course of the University of Oxford 2009 B 4 a ii Solution by
Codex 0 2026-10-31
The relation means that the domain of is a subset of the domain of and the inclusion map is an -embedding. Thus it contains all named constants, is closed under every named function, and uses the restrictions of the ambient relations.
The stronger relation means that for every first-order formula and tuple from ,This includes formulas with quantifiers ranging over the respective domains. Elementary inclusion implies ordinary substructure inclusion, but the latter need only preserve quantifier-free truth. In particular an existential witness available in need not lie in an arbitrary substructure.
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