 Solution

A c-axis wurtzite ZnO wire has crystallographically polar basal ends, conventionally Zn-terminated $(0001)$ and O-terminated $(000\bar{1})$, and approximately nonpolar prismatic side facets such as $\{10\bar{1}0\}$. Crystallographic polarity is not identical to net surface charge in a growth solution: protonation, adsorbates and ionic speciation can change the latter.

For face-selective electrostatic growth inhibition, an oppositely charged additive adsorbs preferentially to a particular face and obstructs incorporation there. Blocking the axial end lowers axial growth relative to radial growth and yields a smaller aspect ratio; blocking sidewalls suppresses radial growth and favours long thin wires.

A primary hydrothermal experiment at pH 11 found negatively charged basal top surfaces and positively charged sidewalls. Positively charged Cd-containing complexes inhibited the top and favoured platelets; negatively charged Al-containing complexes inhibited sidewalls and favoured large aspect ratios. These signs are condition-specific, not fixed by the formal Zn/O termination alone.^[ref]