Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-optics-and-electrodynamics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2014/paper-1/1/b/solution

For the oblique coupling of parallel Hertzian dipoles, a lossless Hertzian dipole has directional gain . The separation is , and both transmitting and receiving patterns have , so . Reciprocity gives matched receiving effective area . The emitted polarization matches the transverse projection of the receiving dipole axis, so there is no additional polarization mismatch. Consequently
Both the off-axis transmitting pattern and the off-axis receiving aperture matter. This assumes the stated far field, conjugate matching and negligible dissipative antenna losses.

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